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The bass clef

The bass clef (also called F clef) anchors the note F on the fourth line of the staff. It is used for lower notes, the left-hand part on the piano, cello, trombone, and bass instruments.

Classic mnemonics: lines spell 'Good Boys Do Fine Always' (G-B-D-F-A) and spaces 'All Cows Eat Grass' (A-C-E-G).

The two ledger lines above the staff reach C4 (middle C, 1st ledger) and E4 (2nd). The two below descend to E2 and C2.